Best Midfielders in the Bundesliga (Jun 2026)

Ranked by Analytical Strength Score

Market Overview: Bundesliga Midfielders 2022-23

Our database tracked 51 Bundesliga Midfielders in the 2022-23 season, representing 24 clubs with a combined market value of €514.4M. The average market value for Bundesliga Midfielders was €10.1M, with the average age at 26.6 years old.

The most valuable midfielder in the Bundesliga was Felix Nmecha, worth €45.0M and played for Borussia Dortmund at 25 years old. The top 5 Midfielders averaged €37.0M in market value, including Hugo Larsson and Tom Bischof.

Age distribution showed the youngest tracked midfielder was Tom Bischof (20 years, Bayern Munich, €40.0M), while the oldest was Kevin Kampl (35 years, RB Leipzig, €2.0M). Research shows Midfielders typically peak at age 26-27.

Historical analysis showed 22 Midfielders (43%) increased in market value over the following 12 months based on age-curve trajectories, then-current performance trends, and playing time analysis. The Bundesliga market for Midfielders remained highly competitive with significant transfer activity in the 2022-23 season.

💡 Use the search bar below to find specific players, or apply filters to narrow results by club, age range, or market value. Click the chart icon next to any player to view their historical value trajectory and forecast.

Market Intelligence

Explore Market Size by Position in Bundesliga

Interactive bubble chart showing predicted 2-year growth vs current age for all Bundesliga Midfielders. Identify undervalued assets and track market momentum across 24 clubs with €514.4M combined value.

Players Tracked

By League

Premier League La Liga Bundesliga Serie A Ligue 1

By Position

GK CB LB RB CDM

More Positions

CM CAM LW RW ST

By Season

2025-26 2024-25 2023-24 2022-23

Age Distribution: Bundesliga Midfielders

The Bundesliga CM market shows 5 distinct age segments, with the largest cohort in the 27-29 bracket (15 players, 29% of market). The 27-29 age group holds the most value at €136.9M, averaging €9.1M per player.

U21 years3 players (6%)

€98.0MAvg: €32.7M

Top player: Tom Bischof (€40.0M)

21-23 years8 players (16%)

€122.0MAvg: €15.3M

Top player: Hugo Larsson (€40.0M)

24-26 years13 players (25%)

€115.5MAvg: €8.9M

Top player: Felix Nmecha (€45.0M)

27-29 years15 players (29%)

€136.9MAvg: €9.1M

Top player: Exequiel Palacios (€30.0M)

30+ years12 players (24%)

€42.0MAvg: €3.5M

Top player: Leon Goretzka (€15.0M)

Top Midfielders by Age Bracket

U21 Years (3 players)

1. Tom Bischof(20yo)

€40.0M

2. Johan Manzambi(20yo)

€30.0M

3. Assan Ouédraogo(20yo)

€28.0M

21-23 Years (8 players)

1. Hugo Larsson(21yo)

€40.0M

2. Carney Chukwuemeka(22yo)

€25.0M

3. Ezechiel Banzuzi(21yo)

€18.0M

4. Farès Chaïbi(23yo)

€15.0M

5. Ísak Jóhannesson(23yo)

€10.0M

24-26 Years (13 players)

1. Felix Nmecha(25yo)

€45.0M

2. Rocco Reitz(24yo)

€17.0M

3. Mads Bidstrup(25yo)

€15.0M

4. Joel Chima Fujita(24yo)

€8.0M

5. Albert Sambi Lokonga(26yo)

€8.0M

27-29 Years (15 players)

1. Exequiel Palacios(27yo)

€30.0M

2. Aleix García(28yo)

€20.0M

3. Nadiem Amiri(29yo)

€17.0M

4. Jens Stage(29yo)

€14.0M

5. Mattias Svanberg(27yo)

€12.0M

Market Value Distribution

Elite Tier Concentration

41%of market value

The top 6 Midfielders (12% of players) control €213.0M

1. Felix Nmecha€45.0M

2. Hugo Larsson€40.0M

3. Tom Bischof€40.0M

4. Exequiel Palacios€30.0M

5. Johan Manzambi€30.0M

Market Tiers

Premium (€30-50M)5 players (10%)

€185.0M

High (€15-30M)9 players (18%)

€170.0M

Mid (€5-15M)11 players (22%)

€97.5M

Emerging (<€5M)26 players (51%)

€61.9M

Market structure shows distributed value with premium (€30-50m) tier representing 10% of the Bundesliga CM pool.

Premium (€30-50M)

1. Felix Nmecha

Borussia Dortmund€45.0M

2. Hugo Larsson

Eintracht Frankfurt€40.0M

3. Tom Bischof

Bayern Munich€40.0M

4. Exequiel Palacios

Bayer 04 Leverkusen€30.0M

5. Johan Manzambi

SC Freiburg€30.0M

High (€15-30M)

1. Assan Ouédraogo

RB Leipzig€28.0M

2. Carney Chukwuemeka

Borussia Dortmund€25.0M

3. Aleix García

Bayer 04 Leverkusen€20.0M

4. Rocco Reitz

Borussia Mönchengladbach€17.0M

5. Ezechiel Banzuzi

RB Leipzig€18.0M

Mid (€5-15M)

1. Jens Stage

SV Werder Bremen€14.0M

2. Mattias Svanberg

VfL Wolfsburg€12.0M

3. Ísak Jóhannesson

1.FC Köln€10.0M

4. Maximilian Eggestein

SC Freiburg€10.0M

5. Xaver Schlager

RB Leipzig€10.0M

Club Distribution: Bundesliga Midfielders

Among 24 Bundesliga clubs, Borussia Dortmund leads with 3 Midfielders worth €77.0M (averaging €25.7M per player). The top 10 clubs account for 55% of tracked Midfielders.

Borussia Dortmund

3 players • €77.0M

Eintracht Frankfurt

4 players • €64.5M

RB Leipzig

4 players • €58.0M

Bayern Munich

2 players • €55.0M

Bayer 04 Leverkusen

2 players • €50.0M

SC Freiburg

2 players • €40.0M

Borussia Mönchengladbach

4 players • €30.5M

VfL Wolfsburg

3 players • €18.5M

1.FSV Mainz 05

1 players • €17.0M

#10

1.FC Köln

3 players • €16.5M

Borussia Dortmund (3 Midfielders)

Felix Nmecha(25yo)

€45.0M

Carney Chukwuemeka(22yo)

€25.0M

Marcel Sabitzer(32yo)

€7.0M

Eintracht Frankfurt (4 Midfielders)

Hugo Larsson(21yo)

€40.0M

Farès Chaïbi(23yo)

€15.0M

Oscar Højlund(21yo)

€7.5M

Mahmoud Dahoud(30yo)

€2.0M

RB Leipzig (4 Midfielders)

Assan Ouédraogo(20yo)

€28.0M

Ezechiel Banzuzi(21yo)

€18.0M

Xaver Schlager(28yo)

€10.0M

Kevin Kampl(35yo)

€2.0M

Bayern Munich (2 Midfielders)

Tom Bischof(20yo)

€40.0M

Leon Goretzka(31yo)

€15.0M

Player Rankings

Ranked by APE Strength Score. Click any player to view full profile, or click the chart icon to see value history.

Felix Nmecha

Borussia Dortmund • 25 years old

€38.9M

€45.0M

+15.6%

€40.3M€51.3M

Expected: €45.8M

86.8

Hugo Larsson

Eintracht Frankfurt • 21 years old

€34.6M

€40.0M

+15.6%

€39.6M€52.2M

Expected: €45.9M

85.0

Tom Bischof

Bayern Munich • 20 years old

€34.6M

€40.0M

+15.6%

€41.1M€54.3M

Expected: €47.7M

84.6

Exequiel Palacios

Bayer 04 Leverkusen • 27 years old

€31.7M

€30.0M

-5.4%

€23.1M€29.4M

Expected: €26.3M

77.8

Johan Manzambi

SC Freiburg • 20 years old

€25.9M

€30.0M

+15.6%

€29.7M€39.1M

Expected: €34.4M

77.2

Assan Ouédraogo

RB Leipzig • 20 years old

€24.2M

€28.0M

+15.6%

€27.7M€36.5M

Expected: €32.1M

76.4

Carney Chukwuemeka

Borussia Dortmund • 22 years old

€21.6M

€25.0M

+15.6%

€23.3M€29.6M

Expected: €26.5M

76.2

Aleix García

Bayer 04 Leverkusen • 28 years old

€25.8M

€20.0M

-22.6%

€15.4M€19.6M

Expected: €17.5M

72.8

Rocco Reitz

Borussia Mönchengladbach • 24 years old

€14.7M

€17.0M

+15.6%

€15.3M€19.5M

Expected: €17.4M

71.5

#10

Ezechiel Banzuzi

RB Leipzig • 21 years old

€15.6M

€18.0M

+15.6%

€17.1M€22.6M

Expected: €19.8M

71.5

#11

Nadiem Amiri

1.FSV Mainz 05 • 29 years old

€22.0M

€17.0M

-22.6%

€12.4M€15.8M

Expected: €14.1M

70.9

#12

Farès Chaïbi

Eintracht Frankfurt • 23 years old

€13.0M

€15.0M

+15.6%

€14.1M€18.0M

Expected: €16.1M

70.4

#13

Leon Goretzka

Bayern Munich • 31 years old

€19.4M

€15.0M

-22.6%

€10.9M€13.9M

Expected: €12.4M

69.7

#14

Mads Bidstrup

Red Bull Salzburg • 25 years old

€13.0M

€15.0M

+15.6%

€12.9M€16.4M

Expected: €14.7M

69.2

#15

Jens Stage

SV Werder Bremen • 29 years old

€18.1M

€14.0M

-22.6%

€10.2M€13.0M

Expected: €11.6M

68.5

#16

Mattias Svanberg

VfL Wolfsburg • 27 years old

€12.7M

€12.0M

-5.4%

€9.2M€11.8M

Expected: €10.5M

66.4

#17

Ísak Jóhannesson

1.FC Köln • 23 years old

€8.6M

€10.0M

+15.6%

€9.4M€12.0M

Expected: €10.7M

61.8

#18

Maximilian Eggestein

SC Freiburg • 29 years old

€12.9M

€10.0M

-22.6%

€7.3M€9.3M

Expected: €8.3M

60.7

#19

Xaver Schlager

RB Leipzig • 28 years old

€12.9M

€10.0M

-22.6%

€7.7M€9.8M

Expected: €8.8M

60.6

#20

Joel Chima Fujita

FC St. Pauli • 24 years old

€6.9M

€8.0M

+15.6%

€7.2M€9.2M

Expected: €8.2M

58.5

Showing 1-20 of 51

Scout Tools

Advanced analytics for scouting and recruitment decisions. Each tool provides unique insights into player value, potential, and market dynamics.

Pre-Peak Value Efficiency (PPVE)

Identifies pre-peak players offering exceptional value relative to their age bracket. Higher PPVE = better value.

Understanding Pre-Peak Value Efficiency (PPVE)

Borussia Dortmund's Felix Nmecha at 25 years old has the highest Pre-Peak Value Efficiency at 9.00×. That means Felix Nmecha is valued 9.00× higher than the median player in the 24-26 age bracket—representing exceptional value before reaching peak age.

In second is Borussia Mönchengladbach's Rocco Reitz, who is 24 years old, with a 3.40× PPVE. Third is Mads Bidstrup of Red Bull Salzburg, who is 25 years old with a 3.00× PPVE.

How PPVE is calculated: PPVE compares a player's current market value to the median value of all players in their age bracket. A PPVE of 9.00× means the player is worth 800% more than typical players their age—making them high-value targets before they reach peak value.

PPVE by Age Bracket

Felix NmechaBorussia Dortmund

24-26 • 25yo9.00×

€45.0M • 800% above median

Rocco ReitzBorussia Mönchengladbach

24-26 • 24yo3.40×

€17.0M • 240% above median

Mads BidstrupRed Bull Salzburg

24-26 • 25yo3.00×

€15.0M • 200% above median

Hugo LarssonEintracht Frankfurt

21-23 • 21yo2.67×

€40.0M • 167% above median

Carney ChukwuemekaBorussia Dortmund

21-23 • 22yo1.67×

€25.0M • 67% above median

Joel Chima FujitaFC St. Pauli

24-26 • 24yo1.60×

€8.0M • 60% above median

Tom BischofBayern Munich

U21 • 20yo1.33×

€40.0M • 33% above median

Ezechiel BanzuziRB Leipzig

21-23 • 21yo1.20×

€18.0M • 20% above median

Han-Noah MassengoFC Augsburg

24-26 • 24yo1.00×

€5.0M • 0% above median

Farès ChaïbiEintracht Frankfurt

21-23 • 23yo1.00×

€15.0M • 0% above median

Johan ManzambiSC Freiburg

U21 • 20yo1.00×

€30.0M • 0% above median

Assan OuédraogoRB Leipzig

U21 • 20yo0.93×

€28.0M • -7% above median

Tom Krauß1.FC Köln

24-26 • 24yo0.70×

€3.5M • -30% above median

Ísak Jóhannesson1.FC Köln

21-23 • 23yo0.67×

€10.0M • -33% above median

Denis Huseinbasic1.FC Köln

24-26 • 24yo0.60×

€3.0M • -40% above median

Rank	Player	Age	Bracket	Current Value	Bracket Median	PPVE
#1	Felix Nmecha Borussia Dortmund	25	24-26	€45.0M	€5.0M	9.00×
#2	Rocco Reitz Borussia Mönchengladbach	24	24-26	€17.0M	€5.0M	3.40×
#3	Mads Bidstrup Red Bull Salzburg	25	24-26	€15.0M	€5.0M	3.00×
#4	Hugo Larsson Eintracht Frankfurt	21	21-23	€40.0M	€15.0M	2.67×
#5	Carney Chukwuemeka Borussia Dortmund	22	21-23	€25.0M	€15.0M	1.67×
#6	Joel Chima Fujita FC St. Pauli	24	24-26	€8.0M	€5.0M	1.60×
#7	Tom Bischof Bayern Munich	20	U21	€40.0M	€30.0M	1.33×
#8	Ezechiel Banzuzi RB Leipzig	21	21-23	€18.0M	€15.0M	1.20×
#9	Han-Noah Massengo FC Augsburg	24	24-26	€5.0M	€5.0M	1.00×
#10	Farès Chaïbi Eintracht Frankfurt	23	21-23	€15.0M	€15.0M	1.00×
#11	Johan Manzambi SC Freiburg	20	U21	€30.0M	€30.0M	1.00×
#12	Assan Ouédraogo RB Leipzig	20	U21	€28.0M	€30.0M	0.93×
#13	Tom Krauß 1.FC Köln	24	24-26	€3.5M	€5.0M	0.70×
#14	Ísak Jóhannesson 1.FC Köln	23	21-23	€10.0M	€15.0M	0.67×
#15	Denis Huseinbasic 1.FC Köln	24	24-26	€3.0M	€5.0M	0.60×
#16	Oscar Højlund Eintracht Frankfurt	21	21-23	€7.5M	€15.0M	0.50×
#17	Jens Castrop Borussia Mönchengladbach	22	21-23	€6.0M	€15.0M	0.40×
#18	Luca Kerber 1.FC Heidenheim 1846	24	24-26	€2.0M	€5.0M	0.40×
#19	Ismaila Coulibaly LASK	25	24-26	€1.0M	€5.0M	0.20×
#20	Julius Beck SK Sturm Graz	21	21-23	€500K	€15.0M	0.03×

Return-to-Peak Potential (RPP)

Recovery potential from current value to forecasted peak. Shows how much upside remains for players approaching their prime.

Understanding Return-to-Peak Potential (RPP)

Bayern Munich's Tom Bischof at 20 years old has the highest Return-to-Peak Potential at +35%. That means Tom Bischof is projected to appreciate 35% as they reach their peak age in 6 years—representing significant upside before entering their prime.

In second is RB Leipzig's Assan Ouédraogo, who is 20 years old, with a +35% RPP (6 years to peak). Third is Johan Manzambi of SC Freiburg, who is 20 years old with a +35% RPP (6 years to peak).

How RPP is calculated: RPP compares a player's current market value to their forecasted peak value, calculating the percentage appreciation potential. A 35% RPP means the player is expected to gain 35% value as they enter their prime—making them excellent growth investments.

Recovery Potential by Player

Tom BischofBayern Munich

6yr to peak+35%

€40.0M → €61.8M

Assan OuédraogoRB Leipzig

6yr to peak+35%

€28.0M → €43.3M

Johan ManzambiSC Freiburg

6yr to peak+35%

€30.0M → €46.4M

Julius BeckSK Sturm Graz

5yr to peak+30%

€500K → €719K

Ezechiel BanzuziRB Leipzig

5yr to peak+30%

€18.0M → €25.9M

Oscar HøjlundEintracht Frankfurt

5yr to peak+30%

€7.5M → €10.8M

Hugo LarssonEintracht Frankfurt

5yr to peak+30%

€40.0M → €57.5M

Carney ChukwuemekaBorussia Dortmund

4yr to peak+25%

€25.0M → €33.4M

Jens CastropBorussia Mönchengladbach

4yr to peak+25%

€6.0M → €8.0M

Ísak Jóhannesson1.FC Köln

3yr to peak+20%

€10.0M → €12.4M

Farès ChaïbiEintracht Frankfurt

3yr to peak+20%

€15.0M → €18.6M

Tom Krauß1.FC Köln

2yr to peak+14%

€3.5M → €4.0M

Rocco ReitzBorussia Mönchengladbach

2yr to peak+14%

€17.0M → €19.7M

Han-Noah MassengoFC Augsburg

2yr to peak+14%

€5.0M → €5.8M

Denis Huseinbasic1.FC Köln

2yr to peak+14%

€3.0M → €3.5M

Rank	Player	Age	Years to Peak	Current	Peak Forecast	RPP %
#1	Tom Bischof Bayern Munich	20	6	€40.0M	€61.8M	+35%
#2	Assan Ouédraogo RB Leipzig	20	6	€28.0M	€43.3M	+35%
#3	Johan Manzambi SC Freiburg	20	6	€30.0M	€46.4M	+35%
#4	Julius Beck SK Sturm Graz	21	5	€500K	€719K	+30%
#5	Ezechiel Banzuzi RB Leipzig	21	5	€18.0M	€25.9M	+30%
#6	Oscar Højlund Eintracht Frankfurt	21	5	€7.5M	€10.8M	+30%
#7	Hugo Larsson Eintracht Frankfurt	21	5	€40.0M	€57.5M	+30%
#8	Carney Chukwuemeka Borussia Dortmund	22	4	€25.0M	€33.4M	+25%
#9	Jens Castrop Borussia Mönchengladbach	22	4	€6.0M	€8.0M	+25%
#10	Ísak Jóhannesson 1.FC Köln	23	3	€10.0M	€12.4M	+20%
#11	Farès Chaïbi Eintracht Frankfurt	23	3	€15.0M	€18.6M	+20%
#12	Tom Krauß 1.FC Köln	24	2	€3.5M	€4.0M	+14%
#13	Rocco Reitz Borussia Mönchengladbach	24	2	€17.0M	€19.7M	+14%
#14	Han-Noah Massengo FC Augsburg	24	2	€5.0M	€5.8M	+14%
#15	Denis Huseinbasic 1.FC Köln	24	2	€3.0M	€3.5M	+14%
#16	Joel Chima Fujita FC St. Pauli	24	2	€8.0M	€9.2M	+14%
#17	Luca Kerber 1.FC Heidenheim 1846	24	2	€2.0M	€2.3M	+14%
#18	Mads Bidstrup Red Bull Salzburg	25	1	€15.0M	€16.1M	+7%
#19	Ismaila Coulibaly LASK	25	1	€1.0M	€1.1M	+7%
#20	Felix Nmecha Borussia Dortmund	25	1	€45.0M	€48.4M	+7%

Risk-Adjusted Upside (RAU)

Upside potential weighted against forecast uncertainty. Higher RAU = better risk-reward profile.

Understanding Risk-Adjusted Upside (RAU)

Bayern Munich's Tom Bischof has the highest Risk-Adjusted Upside at 58.7. That means Tom Bischof has 19% upside potential with only 0% forecast uncertainty—representing excellent risk-reward for value appreciation.

In second is Eintracht Frankfurt's Hugo Larsson with a 46.6 RAU (15% upside, 0% uncertainty). Third is Johan Manzambi of SC Freiburg with a 46.3 RAU (15% upside, 0% uncertainty).

How RAU is calculated: RAU divides upside potential by forecast uncertainty (RAU = Upside % ÷ Uncertainty %). A RAU of 58.7 means the upside is 58.7× greater than the uncertainty—making it a high-confidence growth opportunity. Target RAU ≥2.0 for balanced risk-reward.

Risk-Adjusted Upside by Player

Tom BischofBayern Munich

↑19% / ±0%58.7

Range: €41.1M - €54.3M

Hugo LarssonEintracht Frankfurt

↑15% / ±0%46.6

Range: €39.6M - €52.2M

Johan ManzambiSC Freiburg

↑15% / ±0%46.3

Range: €29.7M - €39.1M

Assan OuédraogoRB Leipzig

↑15% / ±0%46.3

Range: €27.7M - €36.5M

Oscar HøjlundEintracht Frankfurt

↑10% / ±0%33.7

Range: €7.1M - €9.4M

Ezechiel BanzuziRB Leipzig

↑10% / ±0%33.7

Range: €17.1M - €22.6M

Julius BeckSK Sturm Graz

↑10% / ±0%33.7

Range: €475K - €627K

Farès ChaïbiEintracht Frankfurt

↑7% / ±0%27.5

Range: €14.1M - €18.0M

Ísak Jóhannesson1.FC Köln

↑7% / ±0%27.5

Range: €9.4M - €12.0M

Carney ChukwuemekaBorussia Dortmund

↑6% / ±0%23.0

Range: €23.3M - €29.6M

Jens CastropBorussia Mönchengladbach

↑6% / ±0%23.0

Range: €5.6M - €7.1M

Albert Sambi LokongaHamburger SV

↑3% / ±0%12.0

Range: €7.2M - €9.2M

Nikolas NarteyVfB Stuttgart

↑3% / ±0%12.0

Range: €1.8M - €2.3M

Connor MetcalfeFC St. Pauli

↑3% / ±0%12.0

Range: €1.8M - €2.3M

Jan Schöppner1.FC Heidenheim 1846

↑3% / ±0%12.0

Range: €3.6M - €4.6M

Rank	Player	Expected	Range	Upside %	RAU
#1	Tom Bischof Bayern Munich	€47.7M	€41.1M-54.3M	+19%	58.7
#2	Hugo Larsson Eintracht Frankfurt	€45.9M	€39.6M-52.2M	+15%	46.6
#3	Johan Manzambi SC Freiburg	€34.4M	€29.7M-39.1M	+15%	46.3
#4	Assan Ouédraogo RB Leipzig	€32.1M	€27.7M-36.5M	+15%	46.3
#5	Oscar Højlund Eintracht Frankfurt	€8.3M	€7.1M-9.4M	+10%	33.7
#6	Ezechiel Banzuzi RB Leipzig	€19.8M	€17.1M-22.6M	+10%	33.7
#7	Julius Beck SK Sturm Graz	€551K	€475K-627K	+10%	33.7
#8	Farès Chaïbi Eintracht Frankfurt	€16.1M	€14.1M-18.0M	+7%	27.5
#9	Ísak Jóhannesson 1.FC Köln	€10.7M	€9.4M-12.0M	+7%	27.5
#10	Carney Chukwuemeka Borussia Dortmund	€26.5M	€23.3M-29.6M	+6%	23.0
#11	Jens Castrop Borussia Mönchengladbach	€6.4M	€5.6M-7.1M	+6%	23.0
#12	Albert Sambi Lokonga Hamburger SV	€8.2M	€7.2M-9.2M	+3%	12.0
#13	Nikolas Nartey VfB Stuttgart	€2.1M	€1.8M-2.3M	+3%	12.0
#14	Connor Metcalfe FC St. Pauli	€2.1M	€1.8M-2.3M	+3%	12.0
#15	Jan Schöppner 1.FC Heidenheim 1846	€4.1M	€3.6M-4.6M	+3%	12.0
#16	Tom Krauß 1.FC Köln	€3.6M	€3.2M-4.0M	+2%	9.8
#17	Denis Huseinbasic 1.FC Köln	€3.1M	€2.7M-3.4M	+2%	9.8
#18	Rocco Reitz Borussia Mönchengladbach	€17.4M	€15.3M-19.5M	+2%	9.8
#19	Joel Chima Fujita FC St. Pauli	€8.2M	€7.2M-9.2M	+2%	9.8
#20	Luca Kerber 1.FC Heidenheim 1846	€2.0M	€1.8M-2.3M	+2%	9.8

Roster Pressure Index (RPI)

Squad depth pressure based on Z-score distribution. Negative RPI = thin depth, positive = deep roster.

What This Shows

Z-Score explained: Measures how many standard deviations a player's strength is from the position average. Z-Score = 0 means average, +1.0 is one standard deviation above average, -1.0 is below average.

How to use: RPI < -1.0 indicates critical depth shortage. These positions need immediate reinforcement. RPI > +1.0 suggests strong depth, allowing selective, high-value additions only.

Current market: midfielder position shows weak depth (avg Z-score: -0.00). RPI: -0.00.

Position Depth Analysis

Total Players

-0.00

Avg Z-Score

-0.00

RPI Score

Weak DepthStrong Depth

-3.00+3.0

Highest Z-Scores

Felix Nmecha+3.13

Hugo Larsson+2.68

Tom Bischof+2.68

Exequiel Palacios+1.79

Johan Manzambi+1.79

Lowest Z-Scores

Youba Diarra-0.87

Mike-Steven Bähre-0.87

Julius Beck-0.86

Alessandro Schöpf-0.82

Ismaila Coulibaly-0.81

Age-Share Concentration (ASC)

Identifies players capturing disproportionate value relative to age group representation. Positive ASC = value concentration.

Understanding Age-Share Concentration (ASC)

Borussia Dortmund's Marcel Sabitzer in the 30+ age bracket has the highest Age-Share Concentration at +-15.4%. That means Leon Goretzka captures 8.2% of total market value while representing only 23.5% of players in their age group—showing dominant elite status.

In second is VfL Wolfsburg's Maximilian Arnold with a +-15.4% ASC (8.2% value share vs 23.5% player share in 30+ bracket). Third is Alessandro Schöpf of Wolfsberger AC with a +-15.4% ASC (8.2% value vs 23.5% players in 30+ bracket).

How ASC is calculated: ASC = (% of total value) - (% of total players) in age bracket. A +-15.4% ASC means the player captures -15.4% more market value than their numerical representation—indicating marquee status. ASC > +15% = elite dominance, ASC < -15% = potential value targets.