Under 23 · Scottish Premiership · 2023-24

Best U23 Young Strikers in the Scottish Premiership

203 players aged 23 or under · ranked by Analytical Strength Score

Best Young Strikers in the Scottish Premiership (Apr 2026)

Ranked by Analytical Strength Score

Market Overview: Scottish Premiership Young Strikers 2023-24

Our database tracked 203 Scottish Premiership Young Strikers in the 2023-24 season, representing 171 clubs with a combined market value of €1.5B. The average market value for Scottish Premiership Young Strikers was €7.5M, with the average age at 21.6 years old.

The most valuable young striker in the Scottish Premiership was Hugo Ekitiké, worth €75.0M and played for Liverpool FC at 23 years old. The top 5 Young Strikers averaged €56.0M in market value, including Benjamin Sesko and Rasmus Højlund.

Age distribution showed the youngest tracked young striker was Charalampos Kostoulas (18 years, Brighton & Hove Albion, €12.0M), while the oldest was Hugo Ekitiké (23 years, Liverpool FC, €75.0M). Research shows Young Strikers typically peak at age 26.

Historical analysis showed 203 Young Strikers (100%) increased in market value over the following 12 months based on age-curve trajectories, then-current performance trends, and playing time analysis. The Scottish Premiership market for Young Strikers remained highly competitive with significant transfer activity in the 2023-24 season.

💡 Use the search bar below to find specific players, or apply filters to narrow results by club, age range, or market value. Click the chart icon next to any player to view their historical value trajectory and forecast.

Market Intelligence

Explore Market Size by Position in Scottish Premiership

Interactive bubble chart showing predicted 2-year growth vs current age for all Scottish Premiership Young Strikers. Identify undervalued assets and track market momentum across 171 clubs with €1.5B combined value.

203

Players Tracked

By League

Premier League La Liga Bundesliga Serie A Ligue 1

By Position

GK CB LB RB CDM

More Positions

CM CAM LW RW ST

By Season

2025-26 2024-25 2023-24 2022-23

Age Distribution: Scottish Premiership Young Strikers

The Scottish Premiership ST market shows 2 distinct age segments, with the largest cohort in the 21-23 bracket (159 players, 78% of market). The 21-23 age group holds the most value at €1.2B, averaging €7.7M per player.

U21 years44 players (22%)

€295.3MAvg: €6.7M

Top player: Mathys Tel (€35.0M)

21-23 years159 players (78%)

€1.2BAvg: €7.7M

Top player: Hugo Ekitiké (€75.0M)

Top Young Strikers by Age Bracket

U21 Years (44 players)

1. Mathys Tel(20yo)

€35.0M

2. Endrick(19yo)

€35.0M

3. Stefanos Tzimas(20yo)

€22.0M

4. George Ilenikhena(19yo)

€15.0M

5. Eli Kroupi(19yo)

€15.0M

21-23 Years (159 players)

1. Hugo Ekitiké(23yo)

€75.0M

2. Benjamin Sesko(22yo)

€70.0M

3. Rasmus Højlund(23yo)

€45.0M

4. Samu Aghehowa(21yo)

€50.0M

5. Liam Delap(23yo)

€40.0M

Market Value Distribution

Elite Tier Concentration

46%of market value

The top 21 Young Strikers (10% of players) control €696.0M

1. Hugo Ekitiké€75.0M

2. Benjamin Sesko€70.0M

3. Rasmus Højlund€45.0M

4. Samu Aghehowa€50.0M

5. Liam Delap€40.0M

Market Tiers

Elite (€50M+)3 players (1%)

€195.0M

Premium (€30-50M)7 players (3%)

€255.0M

High (€15-30M)25 players (12%)

€475.0M

Mid (€5-15M)45 players (22%)

€349.5M

Emerging (<€5M)123 players (61%)

€241.9M

Market structure shows distributed value with elite (€50m+) tier representing 1% of the Scottish Premiership ST pool.

Elite (€50M+)

1. Hugo Ekitiké

Liverpool FC€75.0M

2. Benjamin Sesko

Manchester United€70.0M

3. Samu Aghehowa

FC Porto€50.0M

Premium (€30-50M)

1. Rasmus Højlund

SSC Napoli€45.0M

2. Liam Delap

Chelsea FC€40.0M

3. Jhon Durán

Fenerbahce€35.0M

4. Santiago Castro

Bologna FC 1909€35.0M

5. Mathys Tel

Tottenham Hotspur€35.0M

High (€15-30M)

1. Emmanuel Emegha

RC Strasbourg Alsace€25.0M

2. Maximilian Beier

Borussia Dortmund€25.0M

3. Evan Ferguson

AS Roma€25.0M

4. Elye Wahi

Eintracht Frankfurt€22.0M

5. Ange-Yoan Bonny

Inter Milan€23.0M

Club Distribution: Scottish Premiership Young Strikers

Among 171 Scottish Premiership clubs, Liverpool FC leads with 1 Young Strikers worth €75.0M (averaging €75.0M per player). The top 10 clubs account for 9% of tracked Young Strikers.

Liverpool FC

1 players • €75.0M

Manchester United

1 players • €70.0M

FC Porto

2 players • €54.0M

Real Madrid

2 players • €50.0M

Chelsea FC

2 players • €48.0M

SSC Napoli

2 players • €47.5M

AS Monaco

3 players • €46.5M

Borussia Dortmund

2 players • €45.0M

Tottenham Hotspur

2 players • €37.0M

#10

Fenerbahce

1 players • €35.0M

Liverpool FC (1 Young Strikers)

Hugo Ekitiké(23yo)

€75.0M

Manchester United (1 Young Strikers)

Benjamin Sesko(22yo)

€70.0M

FC Porto (2 Young Strikers)

Samu Aghehowa(21yo)

€50.0M

Deniz Gül(21yo)

€4.0M

Real Madrid (2 Young Strikers)

Endrick(19yo)

€35.0M

Gonzalo García(22yo)

€15.0M

Player Rankings

Ranked by APE Strength Score. Click any player to view full profile, or click the chart icon to see value history.

Hugo Ekitiké

Liverpool FC • 23 years old

€64.9M

€75.0M

+15.6%

€73.5M€93.6M

Expected: €83.6M

94.2

Benjamin Sesko

Manchester United • 22 years old

€60.5M

€70.0M

+15.6%

€67.9M€86.4M

Expected: €77.1M

92.8

Rasmus Højlund

SSC Napoli • 23 years old

€38.9M

€45.0M

+15.6%

€44.1M€56.2M

Expected: €50.1M

87.7

Samu Aghehowa

FC Porto • 21 years old

€43.2M

€50.0M

+15.6%

€49.5M€65.3M

Expected: €57.4M

87.5

Liam Delap

Chelsea FC • 23 years old

€34.6M

€40.0M

+15.6%

€39.2M€49.9M

Expected: €44.6M

86.4

Jhon Durán

Fenerbahce • 22 years old

€30.3M

€35.0M

+15.6%

€33.9M€43.2M

Expected: €38.6M

83.7

Santiago Castro

Bologna FC 1909 • 21 years old

€30.3M

€35.0M

+15.6%

€34.6M€45.7M

Expected: €40.2M

83.4

Mathys Tel

Tottenham Hotspur • 20 years old

€30.3M

€35.0M

+15.6%

€36.0M€47.5M

Expected: €41.8M

82.8

Endrick

Real Madrid • 19 years old

€30.3M

€35.0M

+15.6%

€37.4M€49.4M

Expected: €43.4M

82.3

#10

Mika Biereth

AS Monaco • 23 years old

€25.9M

€30.0M

+15.6%

€28.3M€36.0M

Expected: €32.1M

79.1

#11

Emmanuel Emegha

RC Strasbourg Alsace • 23 years old

€21.6M

€25.0M

+15.6%

€23.6M€30.0M

Expected: €26.8M

76.8

#12

Maximilian Beier

Borussia Dortmund • 23 years old

€21.6M

€25.0M

+15.6%

€23.6M€30.0M

Expected: €26.8M

76.8

#13

Evan Ferguson

AS Roma • 21 years old

€21.6M

€25.0M

+15.6%

€23.8M€31.4M

Expected: €27.6M

75.6

#14

Elye Wahi

Eintracht Frankfurt • 23 years old

€19.0M

€22.0M

+15.6%

€20.7M€26.4M

Expected: €23.6M

75.2

#15

Ange-Yoan Bonny

Inter Milan • 22 years old

€19.9M

€23.0M

+15.6%

€21.4M€27.3M

Expected: €24.3M

75.2

#16

Conrad Harder

RB Leipzig • 21 years old

€20.8M

€24.0M

+15.6%

€22.8M€30.1M

Expected: €26.5M

75.1

#17

Fábio Silva

Borussia Dortmund • 23 years old

€17.3M

€20.0M

+15.6%

€18.8M€24.0M

Expected: €21.4M

74.0

#18

Thierno Barry

Everton FC • 23 years old

€17.3M

€20.0M

+15.6%

€18.8M€24.0M

Expected: €21.4M

74.0

#19

Karl Etta Eyong

Levante UD • 22 years old

€17.3M

€20.0M

+15.6%

€18.6M€23.7M

Expected: €21.2M

73.4

#20

Stefanos Tzimas

Brighton & Hove Albion • 20 years old

€19.0M

€22.0M

+15.6%

€21.7M€28.7M

Expected: €25.2M

73.4

...

Showing 1-20 of 203

Scout Tools

Advanced analytics for scouting and recruitment decisions. Each tool provides unique insights into player value, potential, and market dynamics.

Pre-Peak Value Efficiency (PPVE)

Identifies pre-peak players offering exceptional value relative to their age bracket. Higher PPVE = better value.

Understanding Pre-Peak Value Efficiency (PPVE)

Liverpool FC's Hugo Ekitiké at 23 years old has the highest Pre-Peak Value Efficiency at 25.00×. That means Hugo Ekitiké is valued 25.00× higher than the median player in the 21-23 age bracket—representing exceptional value before reaching peak age.

In second is Manchester United's Benjamin Sesko, who is 22 years old, with a 23.33× PPVE. Third is Samu Aghehowa of FC Porto, who is 21 years old with a 16.67× PPVE.

How PPVE is calculated: PPVE compares a player's current market value to the median value of all players in their age bracket. A PPVE of 25.00× means the player is worth 2400% more than typical players their age—making them high-value targets before they reach peak value.

PPVE by Age Bracket

Hugo EkitikéLiverpool FC

21-23 • 23yo25.00×

€75.0M • 2400% above median

Benjamin SeskoManchester United

21-23 • 22yo23.33×

€70.0M • 2233% above median

Samu AghehowaFC Porto

21-23 • 21yo16.67×

€50.0M • 1567% above median

Rasmus HøjlundSSC Napoli

21-23 • 23yo15.00×

€45.0M • 1400% above median

Liam DelapChelsea FC

21-23 • 23yo13.33×

€40.0M • 1233% above median

Jhon DuránFenerbahce

21-23 • 22yo11.67×

€35.0M • 1067% above median

Santiago CastroBologna FC 1909

21-23 • 21yo11.67×

€35.0M • 1067% above median

Mika BierethAS Monaco

21-23 • 23yo10.00×

€30.0M • 900% above median

Emmanuel EmeghaRC Strasbourg Alsace

21-23 • 23yo8.33×

€25.0M • 733% above median

Maximilian BeierBorussia Dortmund

21-23 • 23yo8.33×

€25.0M • 733% above median

Evan FergusonAS Roma

21-23 • 21yo8.33×

€25.0M • 733% above median

Conrad HarderRB Leipzig

21-23 • 21yo8.00×

€24.0M • 700% above median

Ange-Yoan BonnyInter Milan

21-23 • 22yo7.67×

€23.0M • 667% above median

Elye WahiEintracht Frankfurt

21-23 • 23yo7.33×

€22.0M • 633% above median

Mathys TelTottenham Hotspur

U21 • 20yo7.00×

€35.0M • 600% above median

Rank	Player	Age	Bracket	Current Value	Bracket Median	PPVE
#1	Hugo Ekitiké Liverpool FC	23	21-23	€75.0M	€3.0M	25.00×
#2	Benjamin Sesko Manchester United	22	21-23	€70.0M	€3.0M	23.33×
#3	Samu Aghehowa FC Porto	21	21-23	€50.0M	€3.0M	16.67×
#4	Rasmus Højlund SSC Napoli	23	21-23	€45.0M	€3.0M	15.00×
#5	Liam Delap Chelsea FC	23	21-23	€40.0M	€3.0M	13.33×
#6	Jhon Durán Fenerbahce	22	21-23	€35.0M	€3.0M	11.67×
#7	Santiago Castro Bologna FC 1909	21	21-23	€35.0M	€3.0M	11.67×
#8	Mika Biereth AS Monaco	23	21-23	€30.0M	€3.0M	10.00×
#9	Emmanuel Emegha RC Strasbourg Alsace	23	21-23	€25.0M	€3.0M	8.33×
#10	Maximilian Beier Borussia Dortmund	23	21-23	€25.0M	€3.0M	8.33×
#11	Evan Ferguson AS Roma	21	21-23	€25.0M	€3.0M	8.33×
#12	Conrad Harder RB Leipzig	21	21-23	€24.0M	€3.0M	8.00×
#13	Ange-Yoan Bonny Inter Milan	22	21-23	€23.0M	€3.0M	7.67×
#14	Elye Wahi Eintracht Frankfurt	23	21-23	€22.0M	€3.0M	7.33×
#15	Mathys Tel Tottenham Hotspur	20	U21	€35.0M	€5.0M	7.00×
#16	Endrick Real Madrid	19	U21	€35.0M	€5.0M	7.00×
#17	Karl Etta Eyong Levante UD	22	21-23	€20.0M	€3.0M	6.67×
#18	Fábio Silva Borussia Dortmund	23	21-23	€20.0M	€3.0M	6.67×
#19	Franjo Ivanović SL Benfica	22	21-23	€20.0M	€3.0M	6.67×
#20	Thierno Barry Everton FC	23	21-23	€20.0M	€3.0M	6.67×

Return-to-Peak Potential (RPP)

Recovery potential from current value to forecasted peak. Shows how much upside remains for players approaching their prime.

Understanding Return-to-Peak Potential (RPP)

Brighton & Hove Albion's Charalampos Kostoulas at 18 years old has the highest Return-to-Peak Potential at +44%. That means Charalampos Kostoulas is projected to appreciate 44% as they reach their peak age in 8 years—representing significant upside before entering their prime.

In second is Club Guaraní's César Miño, who is 18 years old, with a +44% RPP (8 years to peak). Third is Francesco Camarda of US Lecce, who is 18 years old with a +44% RPP (8 years to peak).

How RPP is calculated: RPP compares a player's current market value to their forecasted peak value, calculating the percentage appreciation potential. A 44% RPP means the player is expected to gain 44% value as they enter their prime—making them excellent growth investments.

Recovery Potential by Player

Charalampos KostoulasBrighton & Hove Albion

8yr to peak+44%

€12.0M → €21.4M

César MiñoClub Guaraní

8yr to peak+44%

€1.0M → €1.8M

Francesco CamardaUS Lecce

8yr to peak+44%

€10.0M → €17.9M

Kader MeïtéStade Rennais FC

8yr to peak+44%

€5.0M → €8.9M

George IlenikhenaAS Monaco

7yr to peak+40%

€15.0M → €24.9M

Afonso PatrãoSC Braga B

7yr to peak+40%

€2.0M → €3.3M

James WilsonHeart of Midlothian FC

7yr to peak+40%

€1.2M → €2.0M

Ricardo MathiasSport Club Internacional

7yr to peak+40%

€7.0M → €11.6M

Faustino BaroneOlimpia Asunción

7yr to peak+40%

€1.0M → €1.7M

KaykeFortaleza Esporte Clube

7yr to peak+40%

€1.0M → €1.7M

Luca MeirellesShakhtar Donetsk

7yr to peak+40%

€8.0M → €13.3M

Jeff EkhatorGenoa CFC

7yr to peak+40%

€7.0M → €11.6M

Eli KroupiAFC Bournemouth

7yr to peak+40%

€15.0M → €24.9M

EndrickReal Madrid

7yr to peak+40%

€35.0M → €58.2M

Mustafa HekimoğluBesiktas JK

7yr to peak+40%

€5.0M → €8.3M

Rank	Player	Age	Years to Peak	Current	Peak Forecast	RPP %
#1	Charalampos Kostoulas Brighton & Hove Albion	18	8	€12.0M	€21.4M	+44%
#2	César Miño Club Guaraní	18	8	€1.0M	€1.8M	+44%
#3	Francesco Camarda US Lecce	18	8	€10.0M	€17.9M	+44%
#4	Kader Meïté Stade Rennais FC	18	8	€5.0M	€8.9M	+44%
#5	George Ilenikhena AS Monaco	19	7	€15.0M	€24.9M	+40%
#6	Afonso Patrão SC Braga B	19	7	€2.0M	€3.3M	+40%
#7	James Wilson Heart of Midlothian FC	19	7	€1.2M	€2.0M	+40%
#8	Ricardo Mathias Sport Club Internacional	19	7	€7.0M	€11.6M	+40%
#9	Faustino Barone Olimpia Asunción	19	7	€1.0M	€1.7M	+40%
#10	Kayke Fortaleza Esporte Clube	19	7	€1.0M	€1.7M	+40%
#11	Luca Meirelles Shakhtar Donetsk	19	7	€8.0M	€13.3M	+40%
#12	Jeff Ekhator Genoa CFC	19	7	€7.0M	€11.6M	+40%
#13	Eli Kroupi AFC Bournemouth	19	7	€15.0M	€24.9M	+40%
#14	Endrick Real Madrid	19	7	€35.0M	€58.2M	+40%
#15	Mustafa Hekimoğlu Besiktas JK	19	7	€5.0M	€8.3M	+40%
#16	Luighi Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras	19	7	€5.0M	€8.3M	+40%
#17	Ryan Francisco São Paulo Futebol Clube	19	7	€6.0M	€10.0M	+40%
#18	Karem Zoabi Rio Ave FC	19	7	€900K	€1.5M	+40%
#19	Gonzalo Petit CD Mirandés	19	7	€1.5M	€2.5M	+40%
#20	Amin Chiakha Vejle Boldklub	20	6	€3.0M	€4.6M	+35%

Risk-Adjusted Upside (RAU)

Upside potential weighted against forecast uncertainty. Higher RAU = better risk-reward profile.

Understanding Risk-Adjusted Upside (RAU)

Real Madrid's Endrick has the highest Risk-Adjusted Upside at 70.0. That means Endrick has 24% upside potential with only 0% forecast uncertainty—representing excellent risk-reward for value appreciation.

In second is US Lecce's Francesco Camarda with a 68.9 RAU (23% upside, 0% uncertainty). Third is Kader Meïté of Stade Rennais FC with a 68.9 RAU (23% upside, 0% uncertainty).

How RAU is calculated: RAU divides upside potential by forecast uncertainty (RAU = Upside % ÷ Uncertainty %). A RAU of 70.0 means the upside is 70.0× greater than the uncertainty—making it a high-confidence growth opportunity. Target RAU ≥2.0 for balanced risk-reward.

Risk-Adjusted Upside by Player

EndrickReal Madrid

↑24% / ±0%70.0

Range: €37.4M - €49.4M

Francesco CamardaUS Lecce

↑23% / ±0%68.9

Range: €10.6M - €14.1M

Kader MeïtéStade Rennais FC

↑23% / ±0%68.9

Range: €5.3M - €7.0M

Charalampos KostoulasBrighton & Hove Albion

↑23% / ±0%68.9

Range: €12.8M - €16.9M

César MiñoClub Guaraní

↑23% / ±0%68.9

Range: €1.1M - €1.4M

Mathys TelTottenham Hotspur

↑19% / ±0%58.7

Range: €36.0M - €47.5M

James WilsonHeart of Midlothian FC

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €1.2M - €1.6M

Afonso PatrãoSC Braga B

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €2.1M - €2.7M

Faustino BaroneOlimpia Asunción

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €1.0M - €1.4M

KaykeFortaleza Esporte Clube

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €1.0M - €1.4M

Luca MeirellesShakhtar Donetsk

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €8.2M - €10.8M

Mustafa HekimoğluBesiktas JK

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €5.1M - €6.8M

LuighiSociedade Esportiva Palmeiras

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €5.1M - €6.8M

Ryan FranciscoSão Paulo Futebol Clube

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €6.2M - €8.1M

Gonzalo PetitCD Mirandés

↑19% / ±0%58.0

Range: €1.5M - €2.0M

Rank	Player	Expected	Range	Upside %	RAU
#1	Endrick Real Madrid	€43.4M	€37.4M-49.4M	+24%	70.0
#2	Francesco Camarda US Lecce	€12.3M	€10.6M-14.1M	+23%	68.9
#3	Kader Meïté Stade Rennais FC	€6.2M	€5.3M-7.0M	+23%	68.9
#4	Charalampos Kostoulas Brighton & Hove Albion	€14.8M	€12.8M-16.9M	+23%	68.9
#5	César Miño Club Guaraní	€1.2M	€1.1M-1.4M	+23%	68.9
#6	Mathys Tel Tottenham Hotspur	€41.8M	€36.0M-47.5M	+19%	58.7
#7	James Wilson Heart of Midlothian FC	€1.4M	€1.2M-1.6M	+19%	58.0
#8	Afonso Patrão SC Braga B	€2.4M	€2.1M-2.7M	+19%	58.0
#9	Faustino Barone Olimpia Asunción	€1.2M	€1.0M-1.4M	+19%	58.0
#10	Kayke Fortaleza Esporte Clube	€1.2M	€1.0M-1.4M	+19%	58.0
#11	Luca Meirelles Shakhtar Donetsk	€9.5M	€8.2M-10.8M	+19%	58.0
#12	Mustafa Hekimoğlu Besiktas JK	€6.0M	€5.1M-6.8M	+19%	58.0
#13	Luighi Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras	€6.0M	€5.1M-6.8M	+19%	58.0
#14	Ryan Francisco São Paulo Futebol Clube	€7.1M	€6.2M-8.1M	+19%	58.0
#15	Gonzalo Petit CD Mirandés	€1.8M	€1.5M-2.0M	+19%	58.0
#16	Ricardo Mathias Sport Club Internacional	€8.3M	€7.2M-9.5M	+19%	58.0
#17	Jeff Ekhator Genoa CFC	€8.3M	€7.2M-9.5M	+19%	58.0
#18	Karem Zoabi Rio Ave FC	€1.1M	€924K-1.2M	+19%	58.0
#19	George Ilenikhena AS Monaco	€17.9M	€15.4M-20.3M	+19%	58.0
#20	Eli Kroupi AFC Bournemouth	€17.9M	€15.4M-20.3M	+19%	58.0

Roster Pressure Index (RPI)

Squad depth pressure based on Z-score distribution. Negative RPI = thin depth, positive = deep roster.

What This Shows

Z-Score explained: Measures how many standard deviations a player's strength is from the position average. Z-Score = 0 means average, +1.0 is one standard deviation above average, -1.0 is below average.

How to use: RPI < -1.0 indicates critical depth shortage. These positions need immediate reinforcement. RPI > +1.0 suggests strong depth, allowing selective, high-value additions only.

Current market: young striker position shows weak depth (avg Z-score: -0.00). RPI: -0.00.

Position Depth Analysis

203

Total Players

-0.00

Avg Z-Score

-0.00

RPI Score

Weak DepthStrong Depth

-3.00+3.0

Highest Z-Scores

Hugo Ekitiké+6.21

Benjamin Sesko+5.75

Samu Aghehowa+3.91

Rasmus Højlund+3.45

Liam Delap+2.99

Lowest Z-Scores

Lequincio Zeefuik-0.61

David Ankeye-0.61

Karem Zoabi-0.60

Dale Taylor-0.60

Mohamed Touré-0.60

Age-Share Concentration (ASC)

Identifies players capturing disproportionate value relative to age group representation. Positive ASC = value concentration.

Understanding Age-Share Concentration (ASC)

CA River Plate's Agustín Ruberto in the U21 age bracket has the highest Age-Share Concentration at +-2.2%. That means Mathys Tel captures 19.5% of total market value while representing only 21.7% of players in their age group—showing dominant elite status.

In second is AS Monaco's George Ilenikhena with a +-2.2% ASC (19.5% value share vs 21.7% player share in U21 bracket). Third is Afonso Patrão of SC Braga B with a +-2.2% ASC (19.5% value vs 21.7% players in U21 bracket).

How ASC is calculated: ASC = (% of total value) - (% of total players) in age bracket. A +-2.2% ASC means the player captures -2.2% more market value than their numerical representation—indicating marquee status. ASC > +15% = elite dominance, ASC < -15% = potential value targets.